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In France, the Council of State (French: ''Conseil d'État''; (:kɔ̃.sɛj.deˈta)) is a body of the French national government that acts both as legal adviser of the executive branch and as the supreme court for administrative justice. Established in 1799 by Napoléon Bonaparte as a successor to the King's Council (''Conseil du Roi''), it is located in the Palais-Royal in Paris and is primarily made up of top-level legal officers. The Vice President of the Council of State is the highest-ranking civil servant in France. The Conseil d'État, which is also a Grand Corps of the French State (grand corps de l'État), mainly recruits among the top ranking students graduating from the École nationale d'administration. ==Composition== A General Session of the Council of State is presided over by the Prime Minister or, in his absence, the Minister of Justice.〔(Code of administrative justice, article L121-7 )〕 However, since the real presidency of the Council is held by the Vice-President,〔〔(Council's Website )〕 he usually presides all but the most ceremonial assemblies. This is also done for obvious reasons pertaining to the separation of powers. The current Vice-President is Jean-Marc Sauvé. Other members of the Council include, by decreasing order of importance: * Department heads (''président de section'') * Councillors ordinary (''conseiller d'État ordinaire'') * Councillors extraordinary (''conseiller d'État en service extraordinaire'') * Masters of requests (''maître des requêtes'') * Master of requests extraordinary (''maître des requêtes en service extraordinaire'') * Senior masters (''auditeur de première classe'') * Masters (''auditeur de deuxième classe'') The Vice-President is appointed by Order-in-Council on the recommendation of the Minister of Justice and is selected from among the Council's department heads or councillors ordinary.〔(Code of administrative justice, article L133-1 )〕 Division heads are similarly appointed and selected from among the councillors ordinary.〔(Code of administrative justice, article L133-2 )〕 Councillors ordinary, masters of requests, and senior masters are appointed based on seniority from the preceding rank.〔Code of administrative justice, articles (L133-3 ), (L133-4 ), (L133-5 ).〕 Appointees from outside the Council may include administrative law judges〔(Code of administrative justice, L133-8 )〕 or may come from outside the justice system.〔(Code of administrative justice L133-7 )〕 Masters are recruited from among the graduates of France's National Administration Academy.〔(Code of administrative justice, article L133-6 )〕 The Council sits in the Palais Royal located in Paris. The Council is divided into 7 divisions: * Administrative Claims (''section du contentieux'') — see below. * Report and Studies (''section du rapport et des études''): writes the annual report, conducts studies and helps to oversee judgments and verdicts are carried out. * Finances (''section des finances''), the Interior (''section de l'intérieur''), Welfare and Social Security (''section sociale''), Public Works (''section des travaux publics'') and Administrative Issues (''section de l'administration'', created by a March 2008 order) review any and all Cabinet-issued orders and statutory instruments and examine and sign off on all Orders of Council (''décrets en Conseil d'État''). These reviews, though mandatory, are not binding. The Council of State also studies legal issues and problems brought before the Cabinet.〔(Code of administrative justice, L112-2 )〕 In addition, it is responsible for carrying out administrative court inspections.〔(Code of administrative justice, L112-5 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Conseil d'État (France)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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